# ls -l /etc/passwd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1729 Jul 8 04:41 /etc/passwd
|~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | +-- 파일명 (mv)
| | | | | | +-- 파일수정 날짜 (MAC time) (touch)
| | | | | +-- 파일크기 (vi, cat, echo ...)
| | | | +-- 그룹 (chgrp)
| | | +-- 소유자 (chown)
| | +-- 하드링크 개수 (ln)
| +-- 권한(퍼미션) (chmod)
+- 파일의 종류 (파일을 생성할 때 결정된다.)
1. 파일의 종류
# ls -l /bin/bash - (정규 파일)
- jpg, gif, exe, txt ...
- touch , vi , cat , echo ...
# ls -ld /bin d (디렉토리 파일)
- 폴더의 개념
- mkdir
# ls -l /dev/log s (소켓 파일 : 통신용)
- mksock
# ls -l /dev/initctl p (파이프 파일: 통신용)
- mkfifo, mknod
# ls -l /dev/sda1 b (장치 파일 : 블럭 디바이스)
- mknod
# ls -l /dev/tty1 c (장치 파일 : 문자 디바이스)
- mknod
# ls -l /bin/sh l (링크 파일 : 심볼릭링크 or 소프트링크)
- 윈도우의 바로가기
- ln -s
- chmod 실습
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir chmod; cd chmod; pwd
/root/chmod
[root@localhost chmod]# cp /etc/passwd .
[root@localhost chmod]# ls
passwd
[root@localhost chmod]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1729 Jul 9 04:07 passwd
[root@localhost chmod]# chmod o-r passwd
[root@localhost chmod]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r----- 1 root root 1729 Jul 9 04:07 passwd
- ln 실습
[root@localhost chmod]# mkdir ../ln ; cd ../ln
[root@localhost ln]# pwd
/root/ln
[root@localhost ln]# touch lntest.txt
[root@localhost ln]# ls -l lntest.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 9 04:22 lntest.txt
[root@localhost ln]# ln lntest.txt lntest2.txt
[root@localhost ln]# ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 Jul 9 04:22 lntest2.txt
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 Jul 9 04:22 lntest.txt
[root@localhost ln]# ln lntest.txt lntest3.txt
[root@localhost ln]# ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 3 root root 0 Jul 9 04:22 lntest2.txt
-rw-r--r-- 3 root root 0 Jul 9 04:22 lntest3.txt
-rw-r--r-- 3 root root 0 Jul 9 04:22 lntest.txt
- chown 실습
[root@localhost ln]# mkdir ../chown; cd ../chown
[root@localhost chown]# cat /etc/shadow > shadow
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1227 Jul 9 04:40 shadow
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l /etc/shadow
-r-------- 1 root root 1227 Jul 8 04:41 /etc/shadow
[root@localhost chown]# chown nobody shadow
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l shadow
-rw-r--r-- 1 nobody root 1227 Jul 9 04:40 shadow
[root@localhost chown]# chown root shadow
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l shadow
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1227 Jul 9 04:40 shadow
- chgrp 실습
[root@localhost chown]# chgrp users shadow
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root users 1227 Jul 9 04:40 shadow
[root@localhost chown]# chgrp bin shadow
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root bin 1227 Jul 9 04:40 shadow
[root@localhost chown]# chgrp root shadow
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1227 Jul 9 04:40 shadow
[root@localhost chown]# grep 43 /etc/group
xfs:x:43:
[root@localhost chown]# chgrp xfs shadow
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root xfs 1227 Jul 9 04:40 shadow
[root@localhost chown]# grep 0 /etc/group
root:x:0:root
wheel:x:10:root
games:x:20:
gopher:x:30:
dip:x:40:
ftp:x:50:
users:x:100:
avahi:x:70:
ecryptfs:x:101:
stapdev:x:102:
stapusr:x:103:
webuser:x:500:
testuser:x:501:
user1:x:502:
user2:x:503:
user3:x:504:
[root@localhost chown]#
[root@localhost chown]# grep 0 /etc/group
[root@localhost chown]# chgrp 0 shadow
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1227 Jul 9 04:40 shadow
[root@localhost chown]# chgrp 43 shadow
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root xfs 1227 Jul 9 04:40 shadow
[root@localhost chown]# grep 1000 /etc/group
[root@localhost chown]# chgrp 1000 shadow
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 1000 1227 Jul 9 04:40 shadow
- /etc/passwd, /etc/passwd- 를 확인할 수 있는 실습
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l /etc/passwd*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1729 Jul 8 04:41 /etc/passwd
-rw------- 1 root root 1776 Jul 8 04:40 /etc/passwd-
[root@localhost chown]# useradd abc
[root@localhost chown]# ls -l /etc/passwd*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1764 Jul 9 05:10 /etc/passwd
-rw------- 1 root root 1729 Jul 8 04:41 /etc/passwd-
[root@localhost chown]# tail -2 /etc/passwd-
user2:x:503:503::/home/user2:/bin/bash
user3:x:504:504::/home/user3:/bin/bash
[root@localhost chown]# tail -3 /etc/passwd
user2:x:503:503::/home/user2:/bin/bash
user3:x:504:504::/home/user3:/bin/bash
abc:x:505:505::/home/abc:/bin/bash
[root@localhost chown]#
touch
- MAC time의 시간을 수정하는 명령어
[root@localhost chown]# mkdir ../touch ; cd ../touch
[root@localhost touch]# install -m 644 /etc/passwd .
[root@localhost touch]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1764 Jul 9 05:17 passwd
[root@localhost touch]# ls -l /etc/passwd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1764 Jul 9 05:10 /etc/passwd
[root@localhost touch]# date
Thu Jul 9 05:18:08 KST 2015
[root@localhost touch]# stat passwd
File: `passwd'
Size: 1764 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: 811h/2065d Inode: 672517 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Access: 2015-07-09 05:17:19.000000000 +0900
Modify: 2015-07-09 05:17:19.000000000 +0900
Change: 2015-07-09 05:17:19.000000000 +0900
[root@localhost touch]# rdate -s time.bora.net
[root@localhost touch]# date
Thu Jul 9 17:20:35 KST 2015
[root@localhost touch]# touch passwd
[root@localhost touch]# stat passwd
File: `passwd'
Size: 1764 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: 811h/2065d Inode: 672517 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Access: 2015-07-09 17:20:44.000000000 +0900
Modify: 2015-07-09 17:20:44.000000000 +0900
Change: 2015-07-09 17:20:44.000000000 +0900
[root@localhost touch]# date
Thu Jul 9 17:24:04 KST 2015
[root@localhost touch]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1764 Jul 9 17:20 passwd
[root@localhost touch]# chmod o-r passwd
[root@localhost touch]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r----- 1 root root 1764 Jul 9 17:20 passwd
[root@localhost touch]# stat passwd
File: `passwd'
Size: 1764 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: 811h/2065d Inode: 672517 Links: 1
Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Access: 2015-07-09 17:20:44.000000000 +0900
Modify: 2015-07-09 17:20:44.000000000 +0900
Change: 2015-07-09 17:25:11.000000000 +0900
[root@localhost touch]# date
Thu Jul 9 17:51:34 KST 2015
[root@localhost touch]# head -1 passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
[root@localhost touch]# stat passwd
File: `passwd'
Size: 1764 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: 811h/2065d Inode: 672517 Links: 1
Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 1000/ UNKNOWN)
Access: 2015-07-09 17:51:46.000000000 +0900
Modify: 2015-07-09 17:20:44.000000000 +0900
Change: 2015-07-09 17:37:17.000000000 +0900
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